Faşizm tarihçilerinden 'demokrasiyi kurtarmak için yapılacaklar' listesi

DUVAR - Onlarca önde gelen faşizm ve otoriterizm uzmanı, açık bir mektup yazarak dünya çapında demokrasilerin ve demokrasiye inancın gerilemekte olduğuna dair uyarıda bulundu. Sıradan insanlara hareket geçme çağrısı yapılan mektupta, "Demokrasi aşırı derecede kırılgan ve potansiyel olarak geçici; bu durum dikkatli olmayı ve korumayı gerektiriyor. Gidişatı tersine çevirmek için çok geç kalınmış değil" ifadeleri kullanıldı.

'TARİHSEL ŞABLON'A VURGU YAPILDI

Açık mektupta, otoriter ve tarihsel rejimlerin tarihte toplumsal, siyasi ve ekonomik gerilim dönemlerinde yükseldiğine dikkat çekildi; askeri ihtilafların, ekonomik buhranların ve küreselleşmenin yol açtığı büyük baskı nedeniyle insanların 'demokrasinin zor durumda kendilerine yardımcı olacağına' dair inancının derinden sarsıldığı belirtildi.

'KİBİRLİ BİR GÜCE SIĞINMANIN CAZİBESİ HER ZAMANKİNDEN FAZLA'

"Bütün bu şablonları tarihsel çalışmalarımızda gördük ve bugünün dünyasında bir demokrasi krizinin işaretlerini de tanıyoruz" denilen mektupta, Covid-19 pandemisinin de küresel çaptaki sınıfsal ve ırksal eşitsizlikleri ifşa ettiği belirtildi. Mektupta ABD seçimleri bağlamında "Son dört yılın da gösterdiği gibi kibirli bir güce sahip bir figüre sığınmanın cazibesi her zamankinden fazla" denilirken, demokrasinin kurtarılması için 'yapılması gerekenler' olarak şu öneriler listelendi:

'KANITA DAYALI ELEŞTİREL DÜŞÜNCE VE MEDYAYI SAVUNMALIYIZ'

"Kanıtlara dayalı eleştirel düşünceyi cesur bir şekilde ve geri adım atmadan savunmalıyız. Buna, çok geniş kapsamlı pozisyon ve perspektiflerin gündeme getirilmesinin erdemlerini göstermek; araştırmacı gazeteciliği, bilimi, beşeri bilimleri ve basın özgürlüğünü sözde ve özde desteklemek de dahil. Büyük medya kuruluşlarından ve hükümetlerden, yanlış bilginin ve medyanın tek elde toplanmasının tehlikelerine karşı hızlı ve somut sözlere ihtiyacımız var.

'IRK, SINIF VE DİNLER ARASI ÖRGÜTLENME GEREKİYOR'

"Ötekilerin perspektif ve deneyimlerine saygı gösteren, ırk, sınıf, cinsiyet, din ve kast farklıları boyunca örgütlenmiş koalisyonlara ihtiyacımız var.

'İKTİDAR VE MİLİS GÜÇLERİ ARASINDAKİ HER BAĞ İFŞA EDİLMELİ'

"İktidardakiler ile yasadışı milis güçleri arasındaki her tür bağı ifşa etmeli ve reddetmeliyiz... Sandık yoluyla ama gerekirse sokaklarda şiddet içermeyen protestolar yoluyla da, çoğulculuğu ve demokrasiyi toplumsal şiddet ve otoriterlik karşısında savunmalıyız.

'SEÇİMLERE EN YÜKSEK KATILIM SAĞLANMALI'

"Seçim sürecinin bütünlüğünü savunmalı ve en yüksek katılımı sağlamalıyız; sadece bu seçimlerde [ABD seçimleri] değil, her bir seçimde, büyük ve küçük yerlerde bunu yapmalıyız.

'KÜRESEL BİR DİYALOG KURULMALI'

"Demokratik kurumlara, hukuka ve pratiklere destek hakkında küresel bir diyaloğa hem kendi ülkemizde hem de ülkeler arasında yeniden bağlılık göstermeliyiz. 

'SEÇKİNLERİN DEĞİL HUKUKUN HUKUKU'

"Kök salmış seçkilerin hukukuna yüz çevirip, hukukun üstünlüğüne dönmeliyiz. 'İç düşmanlar' siyasetinin yerine yeniden, sağlıklı ve demokratik bir fikir ortamında rakipler siyasetini getirmeliyiz." 

'GELECEKTE KARANLIK GÜNLER VAR'

Mektubun sonunda, "Ve her şeyden önce, demokrasinin ışığının ülkelerimizde ve dünyanın her yerinde yanmaya devam etmesini sağlayacak yollar bulmak için birlikte çalışmalıyız. Çünkü bunu yapmazsak, gelecekte gerçekten karanlık günlerle karşı karşıya kalacağız" denildi. (DIŞ HABERLER)

Mektubun imzacıları şöyle:

Giulia Albanese | Professor of History, Università degli Studi di Padova (Italy)

Anjali Arondekar | Associate Professor of Feminist Studies and Director of the Center for South Asian Studies, University of California-Santa Cruz (United States of America, USA) *

Kai Arzheimer | Professor of Political Science, University of Mainz (Germany) *

Luis Herran Avila | Assistant Professor of History, University of New Mexico (USA)

Jonathan Bach | Professor of Global Studies, The New School (USA) *

Shelley Baranowski | Distinguished Professor Emerita of History, University of Akron (USA)

Deborah Barton | Assistant Professor of History, Université de Montréal (Canada)

Heike Bauer | Professor of Modern Literature and Cultural History, Birkbeck, University of London (United Kingdom, UK)

Cristina A. Bejan | Assistant Professor of European History, Metropolitan State University of Denver (USA)

Ruth Ben-Ghiat | Professor of History, New York University (USA)

Waitman Wade Beorn | Senior Lecturer of History, Northumbria University (UK)

Mabel Berezin | Professor of Sociology, Cornell University (USA)

Andrew Stuart Bergerson | Professor of History, University of Missouri-Kansas City (USA)

Paul Betts | Professor of Modern European History, University of Oxford (UK)

Frank Biess | Professor of History, University of California-San Diego (USA)

Stephen Bittner | Professor of History, Sonoma State University (USA)

Monica Black | Associate Professor of History, University of Tennessee-Knoxville (USA)

Adam A. Blackler | Assistant Professor, University of Wyoming (USA)

Richard Bodek | Professor of History and Director of European Studies, College of Charleston (USA)

Christopher R. Browning | Frank Porter Graham Professor of History Emeritus, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (USA)

Darcy Buerkle | Associate Professor of History, Smith College (USA)

Renato Camurri | Professor of History, University of Verona (Italy)

Mauro Canali | Professor of Contemporary History, University of Camerino (Italy) *

Andrea Chandler | Professor of Political Science, Carleton University (Canada)

Sarah Churchwell | Chair of Public Understanding of the Humanities, School of Advanced Study, University of London (UK)

Howard Chiang | Associate Professor of History, University of California-Davis (USA)

Mark B. Cole | College Associate Lecturer, Cleveland State University (USA)

Tim Cole | Professor of History, University of Bristol (UK)

Paul Corner | Professor of European History, Università di Siena (Italy)

Mark Cornwall | Professor of Modern European History, University of Southampton (UK)

Brian E. Crim | Professor of History, University of Lynchburg (USA)

Kate Davison | PhD Candidate, University of Melbourne (Australia) *

Carlos De La Torre | Director of the Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida (USA)

Lindsey Dodd | Senior Lecturer in Modern European History, University of Huddersfield (UK)

Elizabeth Drummond | Associate Professor of History, Loyola Marymount University (USA) 

Hilary Earl | Professor of Modern European History, Nippissing University (Canada)

Michael Ebner | Associate Professor of History, Syracuse University (USA) *

Sean Eedy | Lecturer in History, Carleton University (Canada)

Greg Eghigian | Professor of History, Pennsylvania State University (USA)

Geoff Eley | Karl Pohrt Distinguished University Professor of Contemporary History and German Studies, University of Michigan (USA)

Jennifer Evans | Professor of History, Carleton University and Member, College of New Scholars, Royal Society of Canada (Canada) *

Federico Finchelstein | Professor of History, The New School (USA) *

Tiffany N. Florvil | Associate Professor of History, University of New Mexico (USA)

Filippo Focardi | Professor of Contemporary History, Università di Padova (Italy) 

Moritz Föllmer | Associate Professor of Modern History, University of Amsterdam (Netherlands)

Claudio Fogu | Associate Professor of History, University of California-Santa Barbara (USA) *

Karin Friedrich | Chair in Early Modern European History, University of Aberdeen and Chair of the German History Society (UK)

Maximiliano Fuentes | Professor of History, Universitat de Girona (Spain)

Mary Fulbrook | Professor of German History, University College London (UK)

Valeria Gallimi | Assistant Professor, Università degli Studi di Firenze (Italy)

Diana Garvin | Assistant Professor of Mediterranean Studies, University of Oregon (USA) *

Svenja Goltermann | Professor of Modern History, University of Zurich (Switzerland)

Leandro Pereira Gonçalves | Adjunct Professor of Contemporary History, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (Brazil)

Peter Gordon | Amabel B. James Professor of History, Harvard University (USA)

Neil Gregor | Professor of Modern European History, University of Southampton (UK)

Brian J Griffith | Eugen and Jacqueline Weber Post-Doctoral Scholar In European History, University of California-Los Angeles (USA) *

Atina Grossmann | Professor of History, The Cooper Union (USA)

Sara F. Hall | Associate Professor of Germanic Studies, University of Illinois-Chicago (USA)

Anna Hájková | Associate Professor of Modern European Continental History, Warwick University (UK)

Shireen Hassim | Canada 150 Research Chair in Gender and African Politics, Carleton University (Canada) *

Dan Healey | Professor of Modern Russian History, University of Oxford (UK)

Valerie Hébert | Associate Professor of History, Lakehead University Orillia (Canada)

Benjamin Carter Hett | Professor of History, Hunter College and the Graduate Center, CUNY (USA)

Erin Hochman | Associate Professor of History, Southern Methodist University (USA)

Samuel Clowes Huneke | Assistant Professor of History, George Mason University (USA)

Chinnaiah Jangam | Associate Professor of History, Carleton University (Canada)

Rachel Johnston-White | Assistant Professor of European Politics and Society, University of Groningen (Germany)

Pieter M. Judson | Professor of History, European University Institute (Italy)

Michelle Lynn Kahn | Assistant Professor of History, University of Richmond (USA) *

Marion Kaplan | Skirball Professor of Modern Jewish History, New York University (USA)

Gema Kloppe-Santamaria | Assistant Professor of History, Loyola University Chicago (USA)

Melissa Kravetz | Associate Professor of History, Longwood University (USA)

Thomas Kühne | Strassler Colin Flug Professor of Holocaust History, Clark University (USA)

Eric Kurlander | William R. Kenan Jr. Professor of History, Stetson University (USA)

Paul Lerner | Professor of History, University of Southern California (USA)

Simon Levis Sullam | Associate Professor of History, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice (Italy)

Michael Löwy | Emeritus Research Director, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France)

Elissa Maïlander | Associate Professor of History, Sciences Po (France)

Andrea Mammone | Lecturer in Modern European History, Royal Holloway-London (UK)

Gladys McCormick | Associate Professor of History and Jay and Debe Moskowitz Chair in Mexico-US Relations, Syracuse University (USA)

Daniel McIntosh | Emeritus Associate Professor of International Studies, Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania (USA)

David A. Messenger | Professor of History and Chair of the History Department, University of South Alabama (USA)

Johannes von Moltke | Professor of German Studies and Film, TV, and Media, University of Michigan (USA)

A. Dirk Moses | Frank Porter Graham Distinguished Professor in Global Human Rights History, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (USA)

Yael Ben Moshe | Fellow Researcher at the Faculty of Humanities, Haifa University (Israel)

Michelle Moyd | Associate Professor of History, Indiana University-Bloomington (USA)

Nauman Naqvi | Associate Professor of Comparative Liberal Studies, Habib University (USA)

Odilon Caldeira Neto | Associate Professor of History, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (Brazil)

Raffaele Nocera | Associate Professor of History, Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale” (Italy)

Xosé M. Núñez Seixas | Professor of History, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (Spain)

Eric Oberle | Associate Professor of History, Arizona State University (USA)

Andrea Orzoff | Associate Professor of History, New Mexico State University (USA)

Katrin Paehler | Associate Professor of History, Illinois State University (USA)

Sarah Panzer | Assistant Professor of History, Missouri State University (USA)

Robert O. Paxton | Mellon Professor of the Social Sciences Emeritus, Columbia University (USA)

Heather R Perry | Associate Professor of History, University of North Carolina-Charlotte (USA)

John Person | Associate Professor of Japanese Studies, University at Albany (USA) *

Pablo Piccato | Professor of History, Columbia University (USA)

Antonio Costa Pinto | Research Professor at the Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon (Portugal)

Sven Reichardt | Professor of History, Universität Konstanz (Germany)

Ned Richardson-Little | History Research Group Leader, University of Erfurt (Germany)

Jennifer Rodgers | Research Assistant Professor of History, CalTech University (USA)

Mark Roseman | Pat M Glazer Chair in Jewish Studies and Distinguished Professor in History, Indiana University-Bloomington (USA)

Gavriel Rosenfeld | Professor of History, Fairfield University (USA)

Eli Rubin | Professor of History, Western Michigan University (USA)Metropolitan

Alexandria Ruble | Assistant Professor of History, Spring Hill College (USA)

Lutz Sauerteig | Senior Lecturer in Medical Humanities, Newcastle University (UK)

Leonard Schmieding | Curator of Education, Berlin State Museums (Germany)

Natalie Scholz | Assistant Professor of Modern History, University of Amsterdam (Netherlands)

Steven Seegel | Professor of Russian, East European, and Eurasian History, University of Northern Colorado (USA)

Sherene Seikaly | Associate Professor of History, University of California-Santa Barbara (USA) *

Jennifer Sessions | Associate Professor of History, University of Virginia (USA)

Daniel Siemens | Professor of European History, Newcastle University (UK)

Helmut Walser Smith | Martha Rivers Ingram Professor of History, Vanderbilt University (USA)

Jason Stanley | Professor of Philosophy, Yale University (USA)

Richard Steigmann-Gall | Associate Professor of History, Kent State University (USA)

Lauren Stokes | Assistant Professor of History, Northwestern University (USA)

Nathan Stoltzfus | Dorothy and Jonathan Rintels Professor of Holocaust Studies, Florida State University (USA)

Marla Stone | Professor of History, Occidental College and President, Society for Italian Historical Studies (USA) *

Annette Timm | Professor of History, University of Calgary (Canada)

Robert Deam Tobin | Professor of German and Comparative Literature, Clark University (USA)

Enzo Traverso | Susan and Barton Winokur Professor in the Humanities, Cornell University (USA)

Nadia Urbinati | Kryiakos Tsakopoulos Professor of Political Theory, Columbia University (USA)

Louie Dean Valencia-Garcia | Assistant Professor of History, Texas State University (USA)

Eleni Varikas | Emeritus Professor of Political Science, Université de Paris 8 (France)

Yannick Veilleux-Lepage | Assistant Professor of Terrorism and Political Violence, Leiden University (Netherlands)

Angelo Ventrone | Professor of History, University of Macerata (Italy)

Fabian Virchow | Professor of History, University of Applied Sciences in Düsseldorf (Germany) *

Anika Walke | Associate Professor of History, Washington University in St. Louis (USA)

Janet Ward | Professor of History, University of Oklahoma and President Elect, German Studies Association (USA)

Thomas Weber | Professor of History and International Affairs, University of Aberdeen (UK) *

Robert D. Weide | Assistant Professor of Sociology, California State University-Los Angeles (USA)

Christiane Wilke | Associate Professor of Law and Legal Studies, Carleton University (Canada)

Benjamin Zachariah | Senior Research Fellow, Research Centre for Europe, University of Trier (Germany)

Moshe Zimmerman | Emeritus Professor of History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Israel)